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韩少功：漫长的假期
我偶尔去某大学讲课，有一次顺便调查学生读书的情况。我的问题是这样：谁读过三本以上的法国文学？（约四分之一的学生举手）谁读过《红楼梦》？（约五分之一的学生举手）然后，我降低门槛，把调查内容改成《红楼梦》的电视剧，这时举手多一些了，但仍只是略过半数。
这是一群文学研究生，将要成为硕士或博士的。他们很诚实，也毫不缺乏聪明。我相信未举手者已做过上百道关于《红楼梦》或法国文学的试题，并且一路斩获高分——否则他们就不可能坐在这里。
问题在于，那些试题就是他们的文学？读书怎么成了这么难的事？或者事情别有原因：是什么剥夺了他们广泛阅读的自由？
我不想拍孩子们的马屁，很坦白地告诉他们：即使在三十年前，让很多中学生说出十本俄国文学、十本法国文学、十本美国文学，都不是怎么困难的。我这一说法显然让他们惊诧了，怀疑了，困惑了，一双双眼睛瞪得很大。三十年前？天啦，那不正是文化的禁锁和荒芜时期？不正是文革的十年浩劫？……有人露出一丝讪笑，那意思是：老师你别忽悠我们啦。
没错，是禁锁是荒芜甚至是浩劫，从当时大批青年失学来看的确如此，从当时官方政策主体来看的确如此。但你们注意了：一具病体并非尸体，仍有不绝的生力，包括生力的逐步恢复和增强。文革不过是一场大病来袭，但如同历史上文网森严的旧中国和政教合一的旧欧洲，它并不曾冷却民众的精神之血，无法遏制新文化的萌发、繁殖、积聚、壮大以及爆发，直至制度层面的变革。这才是历史真切而生动的过程。我们曾用这种眼光注意过很多复杂局面，包括宗教法庭与牛顿的共存，普鲁士帝制与黑格尔的共存，斯大林铁幕与肖洛霍夫、爱森斯坦、肖斯塔科维奇的共存，为什么独独乐意给文革随便贴一枚标签？是什么人最习惯和最惬意地使用着这一类标签？
中国谚语：知其一，还要知其二。
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The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche (Cambridge Companions to Philosophy)
The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche (Cambridge Companions to Philosophy)
By Bernd Magnus, Kathleen Higgins
* Publisher: Cambridge University Press
* Number Of Pages: 415
* Publication Date: 1996-01-26
* ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0521367670
* ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780521367677
* Binding: Paperback
Book Description:
The opening essay of this Companion provides a chronologically organized introduction to and summary of Nietzsche’s published works, while also providing an overview of their basic themes and concerns. It is followed by three essays on the appropriation and misappropriation of his writings, and a group of essays exploring the nature of Nietzsche’s philosophy and its relation to the modern and postmodern world. The final contributions consider Nietzsche’s influence on the twentieth century in Europe, the United States and Asia.
A Companion to Nietzsche (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy)
A Companion to Nietzsche (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy)
By Keith Ansell Pearson
* Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
* Number Of Pages: 624
* Publication Date: 2007-03-09
* ISBN-10 / ASIN: 1405116226
* ISBN-13 / EAN: 9781405116220
* Binding: Hardcover
Product Description:
A Companion to Nietzsche provides a comprehensive guide to all the main aspects of Nietzsche’s philosophy, profiling the most recent research and trends in scholarship.
Brings together an international roster of both rising stars and established scholars, including many of the leading commentators and interpreters of Nietzsche.
Showcases the latest trends in Nietzsche scholarship, such as the renewed focus on Nietzsche’s philosophy of time, of nature, and of life.
Includes clearly organized sections on Art, Nature, and Individuation; Nietzsche’s New Philosophy of the Future; Eternal Recurrence, the Overhuman, and Nihilism; Philosophy of Mind; Philosophy and Genealogy; Ethics; Politics; Aesthetics; Evolution and Life.
Features fresh treatments of Nietzsche’s core and enigmatic doctrines.
The Cambridge Companion to Plato (Cambridge Companions to Philosophy)
The Cambridge Companion to Plato (Cambridge Companions to Philosophy)
By Richard Kraut
* Publisher: Cambridge University Press
* Number Of Pages: 576
* Publication Date: 1992-10-30
* ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0521436109
* ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780521436106
* Binding: Paperback
Book Description:
Plato stands as the fount of our philosophical tradition, being the first Western thinker to produce a body of writing that touches upon a wide range of topics still discussed by philosophers today. In a sense he invented philosophy as a distinct subject, for although many of these topics were discussed by his intellectual predecessors and contemporaries, he was the first to bring them together by giving them a unitary treatment. This volume contains fourteen new essays discussing Plato’s views about knowledge, reality, mathematics, politics, ethics, love, poetry, and religion. There are also analyses of the intellectual and social background of his thought, the development of his philosophy throughout his career, the range of alternative approaches to his work, and the stylometry of his writing.
A Companion to Plato (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy)
A Companion to Plato (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy)
By Hugh H. Benson
* Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
* Number Of Pages: 496
* Publication Date: 2006-11-03
* ISBN-10 / ASIN: 1405115211
* ISBN-13 / EAN: 9781405115216
* Binding: Hardcover
Product Description:
This broad-ranging Companion comprises original contributions from leading Platonic scholars and reflects the different ways in which they are dealing with Plato’s legacy.
Covers an exceptionally broad range of subjects from diverse perspectives.Contributions are devoted to topics, ranging from perception and knowledge to politics and cosmology.Allows readers to see how a position advocated in one of Plato’s dialogues compares with positions advocated in others.Permits readers to engage the debate concerning Plato’s philosophical development on particular topics.Also includes overviews of Plato’s life, works and philosophical method.
A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy)
A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy: 2 Volume Set (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy). 2ed Edition
By Robert E. Goodin, Philip Pettit, Thomas W. Pogge
* Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
* Number Of Pages: 952
* Publication Date: 2007-11-16
* ISBN-10 / ASIN: 1405136537
* ISBN-13 / EAN: 9781405136532
* Binding: Hardcover
Product Description:
This new edition of A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy has been extended significantly to include 55 chapters across two volumes written by some of today’s most distinguished scholars.
* New contributors include some of today’s most distinguished scholars, among them Thomas Pogge, Charles Beitz, and Michael Doyle
* Provides in-depth coverage of contemporary philosophical debate in all major related disciplines, such as economics, history, law, political science, international relations and sociology
* Presents analysis of key political ideologies, including new chapters on Cosmopolitanism and Fundamentalism
Includes detailed discussions of major concepts in political philosophy, including virtue, power, human rights, and just war
